Risk Factors In Resettlement Project Project: A Case Study Of Binh Khanh Development Project

In recent years, Vietnam’s construction industry has improved. However, many projects which invested by the government are still meeting some problems like cost overrun and schedule delay, which are caused not only by weak project management but also complicated legal procedures.

Ho Chi Minh City is one of the centers of Vietnam with a rapid growth in economic. However, the urban projects development in Ho Chi Minh City is not synchronic and slow because problems happened in investment process. The main reason is the land clearance and resettlement. Resettlement projects were built without profit for moving vulnerable people before the main project were deployed.

Mr. Le Minh Dang made a case study to research and find out the risk factor occurs in each stage of a resettlement development project, and then analysis impact of some typical risk factors, and propose effective method to mitigate them and ensure project objectives. The objectives of his study were to: (1) identify risks create in resettlement development project in each stage and find out risk factors effect to project finance, implementation; (2) propose strategies to effectively eliminate or mitigate major risks; and (3) propose solutions that identify and prevent risks in similar projects and improve management of Resettlement development project.

Conclusions

The case in this report described a special project implementation of urban development in Ho Chi Minh City, and obviously revealed high-risk factors that can seriously affect the success of the project. Actually, the government has enormous efforts to overcome policy and reduce the cumbersome procedures in investment, but investors still face a lot of problems (risks) when implementing project.

The report may not define all problems in various stages of project implementation because the author only analyzed main problems that may affect the efficiency of the projects such as: progress delay and project costs incurred compared to initial estimates. Based on the analysis, the author proposed appropriate strategies to mitigate these major risks and problems as shown in the table below.

Recommendations

In scope of this report, the author just emphasized major problems effecting on Binh Khanh project objective. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to identify major risks and more effective project management process in project. To achieve this objective, this study proposed some recommendation:

1. Researched carefully feasibility study, legal procedures, investment policies to ensure compliance with long-term development strategy, taking factors fluctuations in policy and plan for appropriate preventive.

2. To train or recruit experts with full experience in the concerned fields, such as planning, design, construction techniques, financial ... to set up competence project team for the best implementation.

3. Investigate and research risk factors of project, impact of risks to the investment effectiveness of the project. Setup the risks control plan to minimize impact of risks to project, especially in project finance.

4. Setting up risk monitor plan for opportune action such as dealing with the risks, actively avoid and share the risk, promptly response when risks occur.

5. Develop a plan to mobilize capital to meet the progress of the project.

6. Propose and persuade Director Board to approve risk management and risk management cost.

7. Especially focus on the initiation stage: Investment report, Feasibility Study, Project planning and Detail Design.

8. The Investors should monitor to changing of investment policies to avoid the risk factors effect to project planning.

9. Design&Build contractor must be selected by biding. The contractor must have appropriate capacity management and experience in Design&Build method.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted below.

Abstract

Social projects that change patterns of use of land, water, and other natural resources can cause a range of resettlement effects. Resettlement losses most often arise because of land acquisition, through expropriation and the use of eminent domain or other regulatory measures, to obtain land. Housing, community structures and systems, social networks, and social services can be disrupted. Productive assets, including land, income sources, and livelihoods can be lost. Cultural identity and potential for mutual help may be diminished. Loss of resources for subsistence and income may lead to exploitation of fragile ecosystems, hardship, social tensions, and impoverishment. In urban areas, displaced people might swell a growing squatter population. The people affected have no option, and must try to rebuild their lives, incomes, and asset base elsewhere.

To ensure that some people are not disadvantaged in the process of development, the Government tries to avoid or minimize resettlement effects by Real estate law.
The law stipulated the rate of land for resettlement and business. The investor have to develop the resettlement projects for vulnerable people.
So, the management of resettlement projects is an important issue for the investor because the resettlement projects are always low benefit and affect to time schedule and cost of the main project.

The purpose of management of resettlement project is identify all problems before they occur so that management may be planed and mitigate adverse impacts on achieving objectives. To effectively manage the resettlement project, it is necessary for organizations to identify important issues in time, cost, quality and safety , then provide a suitable method to manage in each stage of resettlement project life cycle and suggest the effective solution methods as minimized, shared, transferred, avoided or accepted but can not be ignored.

Assessment of Risks on Design Management Aspects in Luxury Hotel Development Projects

Each building project has a unique process. Thus, requirements for planning, construction, and service systems of most modern buildings are really complex, and taking control of the process becomes a continuing issue for management, as the pressures to satisfy these diverse requirements are often conflicting.
The hotel that was being studied in this case has many complex issues which required comprehensive incorporation with a great diversity of technological inputs and diverse requirements from clients to adapt the market needs. This is the first issue for the design management team to focus on & build their competency.

Ms. Tran Thi Thien Trang made a case study which main objectives were to find out the risks or obstacles in a hotel construction projects and to conduct a risk mitigation to improve the situation. In order to achieve her main objectives, the following sub-objectives needed to accomplish: (1) to identify the risk factors by averaging different views of project experts, PM, CM, DM for the hotel project through project phases impacted by design management aspects; and (2) propose mitigation for the major project risks averaged by different views of PM, CM, DM and literature review.

General conclusion for the risk identified of this case study

This research found out series of consequences caused from management aspects to the project. Mitigation for the shown obstacles are systematized under scheme by necessary activities remarked in each stage. With appropriate project coordination, stake holder requirement and adequate management tools will lead to the success of the project.

Causes of the risks discussed are mostly come from:
1. Lack of the process for controlling project program, un-stable program, restrain schedule

2. Defining scope and client/operator requirement.

3. Inadequate in contract review, procedures and strategy in tender

4. Organization between construction and design management team with other department
and lead to negative results to project

5. Obstacles caused to next stages to be run.

6. Project delay from sub-key project mile stone to potential delay in final completion date.

7. Reworks are often occurred due to the project condition of management, which in turn lead to cost overrun,

8. Project quality would be potential affected since design deliverables under expected.

Design management responsibilities and scope of work

The list below shows the design management responsibilities and scope of works. Based on this, it is clear that design management team is one of the most important key departments in a project that contribute much to reducing project risks impacted by design factors as well as improve project quality in general. These responsibilities are as follows:

1. DM prepares coordinating schedule with required inputs, outputs, its milestones to ensure clear project targets and programs.

2. DM establishes tools to control design quality and to manage project requirement coming from owner, operators and other.

3. DM identifies additional consultants, pre-selection, evaluation and final selection (such as kitchen and laundry, lighting, SPA specialists or any other required consultants...) to ensure required inputs for project on time.

4. DM reviews consultant contracts to ensure required scope of services in lined with project program and DM reviews contractor contracts to ensure arranged scope of work reflected on design document to be bound in contracts, to ensure contractor service or their deliverable/ offers met project requirement.

5. DM sets up target dates for design output and to ensure the timely submission of the design so as to obtain expected project milestones and in line with intended purposes.

6. DM sets up program required operators, owners and third parties review and approval to ensure designs complies with requirements and design can be moved to next stage.

7. DM reviews with clients and design consultants to clarify required code and standard for project, in compliance with government.

8. DM manages and coordinates all issues on design aspects in during project phases so as to ensure design quality, project budget, project schedule in lined with project program contracted with owner and operators.

9. DM coordinates design during phases and with cost estimation to ensure design within budget, and DM evaluates and prepares MEMOs, letters for phase completion record to owner.

10. DM develops/ monitors/ controls drawing schedules in coordination with the design consultants.

11. DM establishes design procedures with associated flowcharts, forms and reports during phases.

12. DM develops/ monitors and controls drawing schedules in coordination with the design consultants.

13. DM effectively communicates & coordinates with various designs to ensure conformity of designs as well as minimize conflict among designs.

14. DM chairs design review workshops and meetings.

15. DM verifies design development against the agreed brief to ensure designs met project, owner / operators objectives.

16. DM verifies design deliverables with contract, with owner and operator requirement.

17. DM organizes value-engineering workshops.

18. DM prepares scope of work of contractor to ensure design consultants providing comprehensive design information for tender purpose.

19. DM prepares tender document to call contract together with relevant parties.

20. DM evaluates tender submission by coordinate with experts in the project.

21. DM reviews shop drawings together with CM, then works with design consultant and owner, operator to ensure latest design come to site for executing on time.

22. DM prepares plan for solving and updating changes to construction works, changes management during construction stage.

23. DM controls also the proper coordination between the Architect, the C&S and the Engineering Consultants and others.

24. DM manages design information filing well in a system.

25. DM is a center to manage, to coordinate with all design consultants, owners, operators, independent checkers, QS department and construction management team to ensure quality for project optimized in term of design impacts.

Her thesis abstract is copied and posted below.
Abstract

Project outputs are in lined with client’s expectation in term of time, cost and quality, which is one of the targets of a project and the competitive factors among organizations. On PMC aspect, how to sail successfully the wind for obtaining objectives is a critical point that I focus to study. My research is based on surveys about the project risks on design management aspect impacted by planning stage and been causes for other next stages. Risk assessment is studied together with theory application for reducing the consequences of poor performance; What to be prepared, done shall be systemized as a well being prepared for future projects (Risk management) and a contribution to improve overall project management performance through project phases.

The Le Meridien Saigon Hotel is the case for this thesis, it is located in heart of the center of Ho Chi Minh city, invested by TP& 990 co. Ltd and operated by Starwood organization with Le Meridien brand name, a mix project with 5 star international hotel and office grade A. Thus, it seems challenge for management!

‘Do the right thing at beginning stage’.

Project Organizational Structure Roles and Responsibility: A case study of Marriott Five-Star Hotel

Organizations are often complex with internal and external relationship intertwine with each other and difficult to apprehend. In the construction industry, the situation may worsen as a real estate development project may employ hundreds or thousands of people. It is crucial to understand the key concepts of organizational management and appreciate how to organize, lead and motivate people to make projects successful. Good organization management structure will safeguard the firm’s long-term survival. These reasons lead to Mr. Tran Duc Quang to study in depth the subject of organization management. His research main objective was to study the application of Project Organizational Structure Roles and Responsibility in a construction project from Appraisal, Feasibility Decision to completing -handing over phase.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the report has attempted to explore and study in depth the key concepts of organizational management and appreciate the various organizational structures that are relevant to the real estate and construction industry.

Given the very complicated nature of construction whereby each constructions project is unique and may involve many stakeholders, the real estate developer needs to consider both vertical and horizontal ways of structuring its organization and project. That is why matrix structure is proven very useful. Furthermore, in different stages of the project life cycle, the tasks required are different and hence need for different structure during different phases of the project. Knowing when to employ which structure is important, as organization structure is a tool for managers to carry out the strategies set forth.

Having the appropriate organizational structure is essential for the real estate developer, as having an appropriate framework and good organization management structure, the organization will enjoy many benefits such as appropriate use of resources and prevention of many possible risks. The tool will also help to close up the gap in project governance, as good structure will allow constant interaction in between different levels. A well-run project will generate both financial benefits and high satisfaction to the stakeholders involved. It will help the firm stand strong in terms of crises and thus safeguard firm’s long-term survival.

Recommendations

The rational of organizational management is to facilitate the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements in terms of Scope, Cost, Time, Quality, Participant satisfaction. In organizational management, the important steps include:
1. Choosing the right people
2. Setting up the right organization
3. Using the right system

The concept of how to choose the right people for the task and how to set up the right organization was also discussed in this study. There are many organizational structures and each one of them has its own application, advantages and drawbacks. Selecting the appropriate structure for an organization will therefore be dependent on the task, the size of the firm, the subordinates, the managers and the environment. Managers, in choosing the right organizing structure, need to study its vision, mission and its strategic intent and then strive to pick strategies and structures that are congruent. In choosing the right people for the team, managers need to define what kinds of skills are required, what kinds of individuals required in what time frames and then select the right people.

The Case Study of Marriott Hotel based revealed that implementing the best organization management system involves a few stages, starting from finding out the right strategies, to matching the project life cycle stages to the correct type of structure. The case study of Marriott Hotel is a very good example that other real estate developers can study and replicate.

Organizational management aspect of project management includes Human Resource Planning, Acquire Project Team, Develop Project Team and Manage Project Team. Therefore, choosing the right people and organization structure alone is not enough. Managers need to be aware of many other factors that can be crucial success factors in running the organization such as managing culture issues and facilitating good communication channel. Organizational management also includes active management of the employees in the organization. Making sure that employees are well motivated is crucial for organizational management. Below are some examples of how to manage the employees that other firm can adopt:

Providing Constant feedback to employees
1. Progress Reports: Reports providing feedback to the project team about performance against the project plan.

2. External Feedback: The project team must periodically measure itself against the performance expectations of those outside the project.

3. Project Performance Appraisal: Performance appraisal objectives include re-clarification of roles and responsibilities, development of team member’s training plans and establishment of specific goals for future periods.

4. Performance Reviews: Meetings will help to access project status or progress.

Provide various trainings to employees

Other things that a project management team can do are to send employees for courses to increase his skills. The courses that a company can consider are:
1. Conflict Management: Successful conflict management results in greater productivity and positive working relationships.

2. Cultural Management: With cultural management skills, employees will be more confident in dealing with people from various backgrounds, especially for the large-scale joint venture project.

3. Trend Analysis: Forecasting project results over time to determine if performance is improving or deteriorating.

Finally, managing an organization is an ongoing process, and managers need to be actively engaged in running their own company. Once the situation changes, managers need to be nimble in adapting to the changing environment by changing the organization structure.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted below.

Abstract

This report focuses on various aspects of the main theme - Organization Management, which is a crucial factor for the success for real estate project.

Year 2007 was a booming year for real estate in Vietnam. Many housing development projects were successful built. However, as the financial turmoil started since 2008, the real estate industry globally has encountered one of the worst hit in the recent history. Competition for developing new housing projects with high quality yet low cost in order to win customer base is intense. In order to survive in this tough environment and emerge as winner, there is an urge for real estate developers to re-look in to building up their organizational structure in order to carry out smoothly the projects in accordance with customer’s expectation and international standards. In general, the success or failure of the real estate development project is dependent upon the quality of the employees, the clarity of the operation, the availability of the resources and most importantly, the appropriateness of the structure and the management system adopted.

This study, which refers to different theories and standards, has studied in depth the concept of organization management. The project indentifies the key concepts of various types of organization and its relation with the construction phases. It spells out the core governance tasks in the area of strategy, structure and organizational culture and suggests the best strategy that a real estate developer should adopt in order to cope with the increasing pressure of the internal and external environment. It further elaborates how to exercise authority and allocate power within an organization.

Finally, the real life case study of building the Five Star Marriott Hotel in Nha Trang City, a complex project that involves various team and parties, will demonstrate the key concepts and application of these concepts.

Risk Factors in Vietnam Power Plant Projects – Case Study of Nhon Trach Power Plant and Camau Gas Power Fertilise Projects

Recently, the oil and gas prices increase day by day which makes difficulties for developing countries to have a stable economic condition. In addition, the demand for oil and gas all over the world is increasing, therefore the services required in developing new offshore facilities and its exploration also increases.

In developing the facilities for an offshore oil and gas field such as platform, normally Oil and Gas Companies (hereinafter referred as the Project Company) sign an EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) contract with the EPC contractor through the international bidding tender. The major factors for executing an EPC project are the contract clauses which are normally generally stipulated, with unclear understanding and interpretation when having disputes between the contractor and the project company.

In the past, risk management has been an important tool to control safety-related risks. However, we see the shift away from the traditional compliance and insurance-motivated risk management to one that is closely linked to business performance and long-term society commitment. In order to minimize the interfaces and risks between the separated contractor and the project company during the execution of an oil and gas project, the oil and gas companies normally prefer to award and sign an EPC contract with the EPC contractor, however this project delivery method will take a lot of time to make clarification, explanation and get the mutual agreement on the contract clauses between the contractor and the project company. The following problems are normally involved with the EPC contract clauses:

1. Take time to make the clarification and finalization before contract signing;
2. Wrong understanding and interpreting of stipulated clauses in the contract;
3. Conflict between contractor and the project company during project execution

An EPC contract is generally applied for developing the oil and gas project. In case of problems or disputes during the project execution, then these problems and disputes shall be resolved in accordance with stipulated clauses in the signed contract. Mr. Nguyen Duc Thanh made a case study which objectives were focused in the issues related to EPC contract: (1) to study the contract of EPC project and contractual risks; (2) to study contractual problems occurring in a project; and (3) to propose a recommendation for improvement

Conclusion

The research study summarized the concern and the risks we often meet when executing EPC oil and gas project in Vietnam. It also mentioned and suggested effective solutions that can be performed to avoid or overcome the obstacles in contractor management.

The literature review sections introduced and covered the form, phases and activities for general EPC project. It also listed advantages or disadvantages and challenges when we apply EPC model to manage project, especially managing Vietnam EPC project. The advantages under investor’s point of view of EPC contract model in respect of following:
- Reduction in project management works for an investment owner;
- Reduction in risks of difference between design and construction;
- Costs for an EPC package are easier to estimate and control because it is lump sum contract.

The chapter also raised reason which case EPC should be applied in Vietnam such as:
- Project with multiple options of construction methods;
- Projects in which whose design and equipment production cannot be separated
- And in case a project has urgent progression.

In two case studies revealed that through collecting related document and attending as one of duty to solve these problems, Risk in Vietnam appeared in oil and gas projects normally come from what parties haven’t defined or stipulated in contracts. Moreover, maybe some contractors want to expand profit as much as possible, so they change some conditions except in some case which is compulsory for pushing project schedule.

According to studies and data statistic, client needs to play as interface when many contractors participated in project. It requests a professional team to monitor, assess and can hold point the whole activity of contractors. Schedule is always updated and mobilization plan of employee and equipments must comply with master schedule.

Through the review of literature on EPC model and risk in EPC contract, it is proposed that solutions of effective EPC risk management needed as stated below:

The problems often appear in the execution stage of the project and we have difficulty in avoiding them. However, we can ignore or minimize the problems through understanding by clarifying the term and the scope of work in contract. In addition, these problems can be predicted or determined to happen in the next phases which can’t solve at this time, therefore we need to stipulate them in the contract on how to find the solutions to control, monitor or solve.

In conclusion, for each EPC project, the risks are not the same. The risks depend on whole EPC project such as: scope of work, material specifications, equipment style and requirements of client. Therefore, risks management application for the kinds of EPC projects will be different. So, application should be considered via EPC project style.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted below.

Abstract

Oil and gas projects are established intensely to satisfy the energy demand on the world. In an EPC contracts help provide ‘turnkey ‘systems for companies. This is where a single point of contract is given which includes the design work, engineering procurement, installation works, commissioning, start up, supply chain materials, testing activities. Due to this single point of responsibility, almost all the risk is transferred from the owner to the contractor. In this contract, there are guaranteed completion dates, performance, clear division of obligations and liabilities. EPC projects which are also known as turnkey project service face many challenges to stay in the competitive within the industry business environment despite of the efforts made towards compressing activities by phase overlapping, in order to reduce time scale and to obtain better EPC projects. These project challenges lead to cost overrun and schedule delay. Understanding the function of EPC Project Risk Management is important to protect interest of both parties and to engage tools and techniques to allocate risks between the owners and contractors.

Most projects are bound to be affected risks such as construction risks, operational risks, financial and economic risks, legal risks etc. All these risks are interrelated and have a chain effect in overall start-up and commissioning. Common delays and cost overruns can have severe effects and causes as a primary effect on construction risks. Therefore it is important in a project when structuring EPC contract. EPC contract comes many new risks that are often severe due to the complex nature and high cost frequently associated with this type of project involved

By finding out and analyzing the problems happening in Nhon Trach power Project and Ca Mau Project, through collecting data and assessing status of project in each phase, the research study aim to identify and analyze problems that often occurring as well as resolutions and try to suggest solutions which are effective to solve the problems.

Solutions to manage Risk in EPC project was developed as a result of the research case study which is helpful for Vietnam oil and gas projects wishing to overcome obstacles by avoiding or minimizing these risk.

Risk Management in Low-Income Housing Project Development in Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is the one of the cities having highest population in Vietnam. Currently, migrants account for 21 percent of total population, and the average migration rate increases from 0.02% (1979-1989) to 0.84 (1989-1999) and reaches 2.33% (1999-2004) (Thanh, 2006). Most of people migrate to HCMC in order to get better employment opportunity, education condition, medical care, and so on (Thanh, 2006).

In order to increase housing supply for the poor, government has implemented different policies in various periods. However, housing supply for the poor is still low compared to demand. This market segment is still risky for developer (MOC, 2009).

Mr. Le Quoc Tuan made a case study which main objective was to propose the possible solution to manage the risks in low-income housing (LIH) project development. In order to achieve his main objective, the following objectives were needed to accomplish: (1) investigate the risk factors in each project phase during the implementation low-income housing project development, and (2) propose the recommendation to manage the risk factors in low-income housing project development.

Conclusion

In order to satisfy the first objective, the researcher reviewed book, journal, previous thesis, guideline, newspaper and so on to identify risk factors and then arranged them in four phases of project which are planning, financing, construction, and selling. After that, these risk factors were verified by 5 experts including deputy directors, government officials, and academician. Finally, the verified risk factors were analyzed through case study. The second objective, which was recommendation to manage risks, was made based on analysis case study and study literature.

It was found out that there are eight key risks for developer when investing in low-income housing project which are (1) complicated legislation procedure to get approval (2) low-profit margin controlled by government (3) unrealistic government support policy (4) risk in land acquisition from landowner (5) lack of fund to developers (6) inappropriate building standard (7) revenue risk due to ineffective demand (8) delay in selling housing unit.

Recommendation

The recommendations were made based on the risk analyses, suggestions from interviewees, and from literature review. The recommendations are presented as in the table below.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted

Abstract

Demand on low-cost housing for the poor in urban area of Vietnam is very high due to its high population, and high urbanization rate. Even though Government implemented many policies since 2009 in order to attract developers, the supply in low-income housing is still low compared to its demand. So far only 31 out of 263 registered low-income housing projects have been implementing. According to Ministry of Construction (2009), this market segment is still risky for developers. However, there are few researches on risk management specific in low-income housing projects. The purpose of this study is to propose recommendation to manage risks in low-income housing project development in Ho Chi Minh City.

This study used case study to conduct its two objectives. The first objective is to investigate risk factors in each phase of low-cost housing development. Researcher reviewed book, journal, previous thesis, guideline, newspaper and so on to identify 48 risk factors and then arranged them in four phases of project which are planning, financing, construction, and selling. After that, these risk factors were verified by 5 experts including deputy directors, government officials, and academician. Finally, the twelve verified risk factors will be analyzed through case study in Ho Chi Minh City. The second objective is to make recommendation to manage risks. The recommendation was made based on analysis of case study and study of literature.

The study found that developers are facing 8 risk factors and 12 risk sub-factors which are (1) complicated legislation procedure to get approval (2) low-profit margin controlled by government (3) unrealistic government support policy (4) risk in acquisition of land from landowner (5) lack of fund to developers (6) inappropriate building standard (7) revenue risk due to ineffective demand (8) delay in selling housing unit. Some recommendations to manage the risk are: (1) establish one independent government agency responsible for legislation issues, land acquisition, select the target low-income people, and guarantee for the output (3) government channels the fund borrowed from international agency such as World Bank, Asian Development Bank to developers with favorable interest rate or government guarantee for developers to borrow fund from bank (4) lower building standard.

Risk Management in the Design of Large - Scale Construction Projects: Case Studies of an Urban Area and a High-rise Building Project

Problems in the design of large-scale construction projects may come from many stakeholders: Owner, Designer, Project Management Consultant and external environment.

There are many kinds of problem arising from the Owner such as (i) sometimes they can’t finalize what they really expect in their project. The requirements are very vague and just base on their feeling; (ii) the structure is not well-organized. Everybody can give out opinions but no one makes decision; (iii) when employing the consultants, owners don’t have the right model of project team structure. The consultants are not put in the right position with proper scope of works and obligation.

The problems of Project Management Consultant are that sometimes they can’t fulfill their duty in assisting Client to conclude their requirements reasonably and to arrange the project team structure in a right way or can’t define the procedure of working and making decisions. Also, they can’t well manage the project team to shorten the time, eliminate the error, and reduce the cost. The project working environment is not efficient and effective because people in the team are not aware of the other member’s duties or how to contact them. In other words, many Project Managers in Viet Nam nowadays are just the Post Men.

As to Designer, most of their problems come from the unclear design contract without necessary conditions binding relevant parties to their commitment. This weak point becomes more serious especially to the large projects owned by many organizations and involve in many parties with different cultures, different customs and constructive understanding.

Last but not least, problems may emerge from the external environment, such as laws, regulations or market. These factors form an uncertain circumstance which needs to be well identified, and planned the measures to deal with.

Mr. Do Tran My Thuy made a case study which objectives were to: (1) identify the key risks affecting time, cost or quality during design process; (2) find out how to mitigate these risks through contract conditions, communication or some other management tools. Also, to define the role, responsibility of three parties: Owner, Project Management Consultant and Designer in mitigating these risks; and (3) identify the activities and required documents in each step of Design process.

Conclusion

In the design of large-scale projects which involved many investors and many professors in different fields, there are usually 12 risks relating to 3 groups of stakeholders such as Owners, Project team and external environment. Two among these risks are from the external environments which are “unpredictable response from Authorities” and “changes by unforeseeable causes”. These are difficult to be prevented, so the mitigation is just the negotiation between Owner and Designer on how to share the consequences if the risks happen. Ten reminders can be prevented or mitigated through a proper working process and three kinds of document.
A proper working process is the one which creates the reliable bases for the Owner to make proper decisions.

Three kinds of document are Design service contract, Design Brief and Project Management Plan. The purpose of these documents is to set out a clear, impartial working environment for all parties in the project. Depending on the specific situation of the project, each document can be amended a little bit, but there are some critical issues in these documents which are necessary to be considered and discussed carefully by the Owner, Designer and Project Management Consultant. The role and responsibility of these three parties during the design process are also found. Details of the finding are summarized in figure 4-1. Apart from these preparations, another tool to mitigate the risk is Communication. Communication should also be planned through three aspects: communication method, communication form and critical points to communicate.


Recommendation

The Project Manager should consider the steps shown in the table to prepare for large-scale construction projects.


His thesis abstract is copied and posted.

Abstract

Managing risks in construction project has been recognized as one of the key factors in the process leading to the success in term of time, cost and quality of a project. However, until now most researches in risk management have focused on the construction phase, rather than design phase. This paper aims to identify the risks in the design of large-scale construction projects and find out how to mitigate these risks. Through the two case studies in two different types of projects (one Urban Area project and one Building project), twelve risks are identified and risk mitigation are proposed. It is concluded that to mitigate these risks, the Project Manager should pay attention in several issues. Firstly, the Pre-design phase at the beginning of each project can not be omitted. This important phase results in a Design Brief and Project Management Plan which together with the Design Service contract made stronger commitments of parties. Secondly, FIDIC- white book which is usually used as the standard form in Architectural Design practice in Viet Nam nowadays needs to be added or amended some conditions. Lastly, communication also needs to be planned and implemented in a right way.

Claim Management And Analysis: A Case Study Of High Rise Building Project

Normally, the success of construction claim management is the satisfaction of all parties involved in the project. This success must be started from the preparation of each claim such as entitlement, cost and documentation.

Normally, there are two parts of each entitlement for each claim. The first one must set up the legal / law as well as other data base on which normally extracted from the construction contract document. In case there are conflicts, the entitlement must be separated into many branches so that they can be understood easily in a logical express. The second one must describe the variation of the work and express the action of the contractor to each change, especially in quantity and quality.

The cost section is normally based on the available cost in the signed contract. The costs of each work must be considered carefully because they can affect the relationship between each party. In the contract, cost is always limited such as “can not be changed in case the total variation is smaller than 0.2% of contract amount for example”, etc. It is necessary to breakdown and explain the party how the cost is developed in this section.

Documentation seems to be the most important for the success of a construction claim. Generally, all the documents which involve to the claim such as variation order, drawings, contract, specification, etc must be included in this section. Project manager, site manager, engineers, consultant, lawyers and others are always involve supporting for the full success of this documentation.

Base on the above analysis, expert can pick out the weak points and strong points of each company for claim management and they can improve them. The guidelines below would be helpful to companies to improve their claim management :
• The project design and handling must be integrated in claim management
• Make the tight communication inside your company about the claim situations
• Prepare and check carefully the documentation which will support for the claim
• Reviewing all signed contract to check if they are feasible contracts or not
• Have an expert in making decision for the strategic claim

The following normally are the most related potential problems which affect the project entitlement, cost and document in construction claim:
• Scope definition is incomplete and inadequate
• Lack of integrating and understanding of each scope of work
• Not tight contract document
• Not enough condition from the client to support the contractor to execute the work
• Catch up the schedule by accelerating
• Acceleration of contractor without submitting claim to the client
• Delays
• Changes in work because of imperfect contract drawings lead to the disruption

According to Keith Pickavance (2008), “Poor quality of project documentation leads to poor factual evidence and present serious difficulties in identifying the rights of the parties.”

Lack of communication normally leads to the delay of the project and also shows that the project management is bad.

Mr. Giang Thien Duy Nguyen made a case study which objectives were to: (1) study claims in high rise building construction progress; (2) study what analysis method is used for claim; and (3) study the prepare effective claim analysis frame work.

Conclusions

In this study, the framework on claim analysis is designed. This study helped the claimant understand clearly about the claim documentation, the way to prepare a claim, the method to calculate the quantity – cost - profit – overhead, etc. The design documents are the most important thing during construction progress. The fewer the errors, the fewer the missing information, therefore fewer claims. So, the Client just should sign consultant contract with a very experienced Project Management company.

Furthermore, the Contractor’s ability is also very important. Their experience will help the Project Management foresee what would be the errors, and what information should be adjusted instantly. Their experience will both PM and Client to reduce the cost of the project by properly proposing method statement as well as cheaper but good quality material.

Recommendations

• In general, a tight contract such as the signed contract of the above project seems to be unfair with the contractor because of the clause “Contractors have to arrange and execute themselves to complete the project, no claim of weather condition be admitted by the PM, by the Client”, because in fact, contractor can not complete their mission if the weather condition is of disadvantage.

• Claim framework as well as procedure of claim approval should be applied but not in all cases. It’s up to each project character, it’s up to the relationship between the Client, the PM and the Contractor. Personally, the applied solution of the above project (using “technical meeting book”) is highly appreciated. This solution helps all parties speed up the schedule and everything can be solved quickly and fairly.

• Any how, the documentation, the factual support for the claim, etc should be prepared carefully so that every parties can review those easily and also for easy contract liquidation later.

• Careful preparation of all related document will help parties to avoid disputes.

• The level of project manager of the Client, and of the Project management is also very important. Their experience will help all the claims if any, be solved and be approved without disputes.

• Once again, a successful project is a project which brings benefit to all parties involve in the project. Therefore, before the problem starts, all parties must try their best to solve them first.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted.

Abstract

High rise project budget increased, project delayed in construction can be caused by a number of changes in a project such as scope change, extra work, lost productivity, acceleration, contract termination, etc. Many factors by many parties cause those matters. However, in general, cost & schedule control are really complicate. Non-critical activity does not make the affect to the project schedule, does not make the delay, and does not impact to the project amount. On contrary, the delay of a critical activity will make the project delay and impact the project amount also. The delay caused by critical activity will cause the damage to other parties. The reason of delay does not origin from any party but origin from no party (e.g. bad weather conditions). Base on those factors, each party can claim each other to protect the right of them. So, for a high rise building project, what should we do with a claim, when will we claim, how claim can be calculated, etc, that is main content of this case study.