Insurance and Surety Bonds: A Case Study of Petrochemical, Oil and Gas Projects in Myanmar and Thailand

Human beings, business firm, organization, government and society want security but everybody and property cannot be fixed and established because risk is generally underlying those. Risks can be easily understood among the projects, but they are difficult to describe. Construction projects require many resources such as financial capital, human resources and material resources. It is very important to mitigate the construction risks, and complete the project with target time and necessary quality. Analyses of the various risks and understanding of these risks are very important to mitigate these risks. The insurance company is of primary significant of the risk management. It shows that insurance is a form of risk management primarily used to avoid against the risk of a contingent loss (Tsanakas and Desli, 2005 cited in El-adaway and Kandil, 2009). Insurance is determined as the equitable risk transferring. The insured need to pay equitable insurance rates called premium to insurance company (Harrington and Niehaus, 2004 cited in El-adaway and Kandil, 2009).

The insurance premium payment is a major cost of project. If insurance is used, the premium must be paid in advance. If any losses happen in project, the project can get indemnification. However, the using of insurance can get loss of premiums. Therefore, the contract manager and risk manager need to consider about insurable risks. All kinds of insurable risks are not insured. Bunni (2003) mentioned that classification of risks on the basic insurability is shown in figure below.


There are many risks in the construction project. Each project activity may be its own risks such as occurrence of physical damages, accidents, materials delivery delays, unforeseeable problems, unforeseeable site conditions, natural hazards, political affects, etc. These risks will affect to the client, contractor, design professional, employees, third party and public. For instance, the contractor cannot be able to finish the project with contract price because of the economic situation and changes, the site condition changes, the difficulties of resources and others. Therefore, contractor’s default is one of the most important risks in construction projects (Arditi et al. 2000 cited in Al-Sobiei et al. 2005).

Contractor’s risks cannot be eliminated by the client, but it can be partly or totally transferred to the bonds (Al-Sobiei et al. 2005). When the project meets the unforeseeable contractor’s failure, it is very difficult to finish on time because the projects may have financial difficulties, delays and others. However, the surety bonds can provide to the client as a guarantee to complete the project and defaulting financial payment from the contractor (Russell, 1990; Mills, 2001).

Ms. Kyawt Phyu Phyu made a case study which objectives were to : (1) study insurable risks which can be managed using insurance and surety bonds; (2) study the insurance and surety bonds in oil & gas and petrochemical projects; and (3) develop a framework on risk and insurance

Conclusions

Objective 1

It was found out that there are many kinds of risks in oil and gas and petrochemical projects. Their risk management (risk transfer) approaches are the insurance, surety bonds and other approaches. However, most of the appropriate risk transfer approaches are the insurance and surety bonds and the detailed conclusion for objective-2 are described in table below.


Objective 2

it was found out that most of the projects don’t have the same insurances and surety bonds because of their project nature, project types, different project parties, different risks management system. The insurance premiums are also different relating with risks, project types, company background and others. If the risks are high, insurance premiums are also high. There are eleven (11) kinds of insurance and four (4) kinds of bonds on petrochemical and oil & gas project in this research according to case study.

(i) Recommendation Insurances for offshore pipeline project

The recommendation insurances for offshore oil and gas projects according to case study are:
1. Construction All Risk Insurance
2. General Third Party Liability Insurance
3. Marine Hull and Machinery Insurance
4. Protection and Indemnity Insurance
5. Worker’s Compensation Insurance
6. Transportation Insurance

(ii) Recommendations Insurances for Transportation and Installation Offshore
Facilities Projects

The recommendation insurances for transportation and installation offshore facilities projects according to case study are:
1. Construction All Risk Insurance/ Erection All Risk Insurance
2. General Third Party Liability Insurance3. Worker’s Compensation Insurance
4. Marine Hull and Machinery Insurance
5. Protection and Indemnity Insurance
6. Transportation (Marine Cargo) Insurance
7. Builder All Risk Insurance

(iii) Recommendation Insurances for Urea Fertilizer Factory Projects

The recommendation insurances for Urea Fertilizer Projects according to case study are:
1. Construction All Risk Insurance/ Erection All Risk Insurance
2. Transportation Insurance
3. Fire and Exploration Insurance
4. Worker’s Compensation Insurance
5. General Third Party Liability Insurance

(iv) Recommendation Insurances for Refinery Projects

The recommendation insurances for refinery projects according to case study are:
1. Construction All Risk Insurance/ Erection All Risk Insurance
2. General Third Party Liability Insurance
3. Worker’s Compensation Insurance
4. Construction Plant and Equipment Insurances
5. Business Interruption Insurance

(v) Recommendation Surety Bonds for Petrochemical and Oil and Gas Projects

In petrochemical and oil and gas projects, bid bond is needed in the bidding stage. In the construction and operation phases, performance bond (bank guarantee) and advance payment bond are important according to case study.

Objective 3

Main types of insurable risks in petrochemical and oil and gas projects are loss of life and personnel injury, material damage, material in transit and contractor’s risks. The insurable risks for oil and gas projects are collusion, oil pollution related with marine property. The researcher shows the detailed level of respective insurable risks in below figure. The project’s participants transfer these kinds of insurable risks to insurance and surety bonds, and the detailed descriptions are mentioned in figure below.




Her thesis abstract is copied and posted.
Abstract

There are many uncertainties, risks and probability and possibility of loss of chance in every firm, business, projects and human beings. The oil and gas project and petrochemical projects have many uncertainties and risks because these projects are related with geological risks, probability of existing oil, oceanography, and others. Insurance and surety bond are very important in projects because they can protect the risks, contractor’s default, and the project can get the financial and performance security. This study is emphasizing on insurable risks with appropriate types insurance and surety bonds.

This study emphasizes on the case study approach on petrochemical and oil and gas projects. The study was conducted to two oil and gas projects from Myanmar, two urea fertilizer projects from Myanmar and two refinery projects from Thailand to study types of insurable risks, insurance and surety bonds.

Orientation Risk Management Model for Pre-Bidding Process in Low-Income Housing Projects With Public Private Partnership in Vietnam

Although PPP is not a new approach to access infrastructure capital mobilizing in the world, this model has just applied in Vietnam since 2000s (DPI, 2010). The incompletion framework of PPP is one of the barriers that private sector could not be accessed to low income housing projects. As a result, there are only 6 projects which have been launched until 2009 Ngan Ha (2010, Jan 21), and all of them had an investor collection process without tendering process. This reality is not only “crowding out” private participation but also increasing the overall risk to the GOV in its PPP program (WB, 2008).

In order to improve this situation, in early 2010, GOV issued new 108 Decree to replace 78 Decree which was applied before. Thus, PPP procurement process is now clearer than before. Project partner must be selected through transparent tender bidding & negotiation phase. Hence, with the new regulation, risk evaluation plays a critical role in pre-bidding period.

Nevertheless, according to World Bank report (2008), in Vietnam current situation, ‘projects are not very well developed before they are bid out’. This is a key point needed to be thoroughly comprehended by stakeholders if they do not want to be ineffective of PPP program.

Mr. Vu Tuyet Mai made a research to find out the answer for the following questions:
1. What are the risks included in pre-bidding process for every aspect of PPP stakeholders who have difference objectives, functions, risk perception, how to manage those risks properly based on stakeholder’s competence and experience?

2. What is the existing risk management model which is used by stakeholders in the PPP low income housing projects running without bidding process in Vietnam?

3. What are the basic differences and how to capture the new risk management model from existing one?

The objectives of his research were to: (1) investigate risk factors can occur in pre-bidding stage for stakeholders of PPP low-income housing projects when apply the new regulation in Vietnam; (2) find out the existing critical risk factors in pre-bidding stage of low-income housing project in Vietnam; and (3) develop the risk management model in pre-bidding stage to help PPP stakeholders to achieve individual and project objectives under the new regulation.

Conclusion

Even though PPP model is familiar to infrastructure projects in general and low income housing project in particular around the world, it was just piloted in Vietnam recently, and now is in the improvement process. In parallel with gradual correction of policy system is the comprehension of related partners in project structure about risk management orientation. Hence, the goal of this thesis is pursuing this orientation to partly contribute to the completion process.

The result of the first objective is that the risk factors can face stakeholders in LIHPs would be investigated follow bidding process which should be applied in PPP practices. Thus, public sector plays the most important role in pre-bidding process and takes responsibility of social outcome. As a result, they take 19 risk factors in whole pre-bidding process, much higher if it will compare with 7 risk factors of private sector and debt funder.

The result of objective number 2 is that although all LIHPs in Vietnam now have not applied bidding regulation, those were analyzed exposed the real process of investor selection and their risk management related. In other words, those showed the evidences of real risk factors occurring now. Also, the ways stakeholders managed them and their result have been investigated.

For the last objective, the orientation model not only reduces many risk factor sprang from current selection process, but also recommend the solution to solve the risk related with policy and regulation in Vietnam now.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted.

Abstract

Risk management issue becomes more and more important in low income housing projects in Vietnam, especially in the transitional period of improvement of policy in recent years. Pursuing the suitable risk management model in pre-bidding process which needs to be applied from now as ruled in new regulations is the main propose of this thesis. In order to catch up requirements in pre-bidding, every stakeholder has to face with some determined risks to meet their needs. Moreover, current investment condition in low-income housing projects has contained many existing risk. Therefore, combination between risk simulation in pre-bidding and risk occurring could show the orientation of risk management model for the near future.

The thesis used methodology of case study analysis. After finding out risk factors in pre-bidding and verifying by experts, two most typical projects that run by PPP scheme have been chosen to analyze. The result of study shows that low-income housing project in Vietnam were challenged by many risk factors. They were caused by either current process of investor appointment or existing vague regulation and policy. For this reason, the thesis oriented the risk management model in order to reduce the main risks factor and transfer some risks to the sector enable to manage well. Obviously, this model needs to be perfected gradually through project by project and period by period. At least, the first model of risk management can help stakeholder to optimize their interest in low-income housing project with applying bidding process instead of investor selection before.

Claims in Building Construction of Pakistan: Statistical and Pathogenic Analysis

The Causes of Project failures in terms of cost over runs, schedule over runs and depleted quality have been identified particularly for different countries conducting case studies and questionnaire survey based upon the opinions of Employers, Consultants and Contractors operating in that Country. Generic identification of causes of claims in one country may not be very helpful for the other country and would not address the particular problems prevailing in the relevant Construction market of that country. According to Acharya et al. (2006), the sources and reasons of conflicts are different according to the nature of the projects and conditions of a particular country. The differences in the types and levels of conflicts from country to country are due to the unique local environment of the country in which the project is going to be executed. Therefore a study is required to investigate the frequently occurring causes of claims and their types in Building construction market of Pakistan. The sector of Building construction is chosen because Building construction is the sector in which both Public and Private sector clients invest and develop the projects; Economic downturn in the Industry and double digit inflation have already created problems for Employers and contractors to procure and to deliver the projects respectively. Therefore, the projects under planning stage should be planned and designed in such a comprehensive manner so that they could survive the harsh and tough market conditions of Pakistan.

Causes and types of claims provide an insight into the list of factors responsible for the development of claims but lack in identifying the underlying causes of claims. Love et al. (2010) also state that many of the causes of claims and disputes identified in many studies are not dissimilar in nature and moreover do not identify the underlying causes of disputes which are essential if the reduction in claim and dispute potential is required. Therefore, it is required to find the pathogenic influences on the causes of claims and disputes so that proactive measures could be aligned in organization rather than aligning reactive measures.

Mr. Hassan Ashraf made a research in order to reduce the dispute potential in project beforehand and to view causal factors behind disputes through holistic approach. The objectives of his study were to : (1) identify the critical causes and types of claims against frequency of occurrence, degree of severity and level of importance in the Building Projects of Pakistan; (2) identify the Pathogenic Influence on the causes of claims in Building Projects of Pakistan; and (3) To propose recommendations for the minimization of claims and disputes.

Conclusions

1. Causes of Claims

Competitive market conditions, delayed payments by the Employer, ineffective planning and scheduling by contractor, poor financial management of the contractor, price hike of materials, improper technical study by the contractor during the bidding stage of the project, are the causes which have been identified as critical causes of claims against level of importance based on overall response. The causes are mainly related to economic conditions of Pakistan which lead to less number of construction projects resulting into tight competition for project award, these tight competition forces contractors to bid low and then proceeds for claims practice at the later stages of the project. Contractor’s incompetence and market inflation also lead to claim causation due to poor quality of work and escalated costs of work respectively. It was also seen from both case study of project “A” and the response of survey that inadequate early planning of the project also lead to claim causation due to limited understanding of Employer about the project and what is really required out of the project.

Scope changes and design changes and variations are most of the times caused by inadequate early planning of the project by the Employer. It has also been seen that regulatory and execution delays in terms of delays in obtaining permits also lead to claims and even disputes like in project “C” the conflict between Employer and Contractor was developed due to unavailability of permit `and consequently the contract was suspended and ultimately terminated by Employer which led to Claims by Contractor and counter claims by Employer.

It is seen that poor financial management of the contractor also leads to claims and this fact is endorsed by Contractors themselves by ranking this cause very high on scale of frequency and severity, this result leads to an interesting yet critical finding that delays in payments by the Employer would certainly push the contractor to adopt extreme measures in order to get its payment and to keep its company alive; most of the times this cause leads to conflicts and ultimately become the cause of suspension of works by Contractor. So, this is to be understood by Employers that Contractors should be assisted in terms of timely financial compensation as their financial management is already poor and delays could lead to conflicts and disputes. Studying the project details, evaluating costs and assessing the risks properly also leads to reduction of conflicts and claims in implementation phase of the project, Cause “Improper technical study during bidding stage of the project” was ranked high on the scale of frequency and degree of severity which shows that this is a cause of considerable importance.

2. Types of Claims

Extra Work Claims and Change Claims were found to be mostly occurring according to overall response. However, according to Employer’s response extra work claims and change claims were found to be critical types against level of importance and Delay claims, change claims, delayed payment claims, and extra work claims were found to be critical types against level of importance based on consultant’s response. Similarly, according to contractor delay claims, extra work claims, changes claims, delayed payment claims and design error & omission claims are critical types of claims against level of importance. These results signify that extra work claims and change claims are quite important types of claims in the Building construction of Pakistan and if the claims need to be minimized then it could be thought that reduction in these two types of claims would certainly help in mitigating the negative impact of claims on the project performance.

3. Pathogenic Influence on the Causation of Claims

Pathogenic influence was determined by identifying the causation of claims from case studies and then finding out the reasons for these causations. Mostly it was found out that task, Practice and Circumstance were the three pathogens which were mostly responsible for claim causations; Convention and Organization pathogens were also found out to be present but mostly practice, task and Circumstance pathogens gave rise to claim causations. Also, it is worth to be noted that Circumstance pathogen is the critical pathogen as it leads to the development of the other pathogens.

Recommendations for the minimization of claims are as follows:
• Adequate planning of the project needs to be done by the Employer in terms of major and minor deliverables of the project, financing issues, availability of technical resources with the Employer to get the project executed effectively.

• Engaging experienced Design consultants for the Design development in such a way that errors and omissions don’t take place in the Design Documents and the Design produced is workable and practical. Also, preparation of Tender Documents should be prepared with no ambiguities and errors. Pre-Bid meetings must be arranged to clarify the reservations/misunderstanding of contractors if any.

• Procuring project is the most crucial aspect in terms of preventing or minimizing claims. Claims generate from the poor analysis and allocation of risks among stakeholders of the project. Considering the project complexity and financial constraints, projects should be procured with such innovative contractual schemes where risks are rightly distributed among all stakeholders. Unjust allocation of risks will ultimately result in conflicts, claims and disputes which need to be avoided for smooth completion of the project.

• Standard form of contracts should be used on projects to increase the understanding of the contractual provisions and contractual provision for “price Adjustment” should be drafted in such a way that inflation and price hike of materials and equipment could be adjusted without creating any conflicts and disputes.

• Cooperative and problem solving approach should be employed on a project which is called as partnering so that negative attitudes which could lead to conflicts and misunderstanding are minimized.

• Engaging third party to review the contractual documents prepared for bidding purposes. This would help in decreasing the errors and ambiguities in documents which would later help in smooth execution of project.

• Escrow-of- bid documents clause need to be mentioned in the contract agreement so as to avoid the opportunistic behavior of the contractors during the course of execution.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted.

Abstract

Construction industry is getting competitive and complex due to increasing demands of the Employers and global economic downturn. This complex environment leads to claims and dispute causation which is totally counterproductive for the project Success. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the types, causes of claims against the frequency of occurrence, degree of severity and level of importance so that preventive and corrective measures could be taken accordingly. Causes and types of claims provide the information on the elements which are responsible for claim and dispute causation in general terms with no pin pointing detail. For that matter, Pathogenic influence on the causation of claims was determined in order to know the practices, tasks, circumstances and other pathogens which lead to claim and dispute causation.

Data analysis was done on the responses of 59 respondents belonging to all three target populations i.e. Employer, Consultant and Contractor. Causes and types of claims were ranked against frequency, severity and level of importance. Most important causes which have been revealed from this study are delayed payments by the Employer, competitive market forcing contractors to bid low leading to tight profit margins, ineffective planning and scheduling by Contractor, poor financial management of the Contractor, price hike of materials and increased rentals of plant & equipment, and improper technical study by the Contractor during bidding stage of the project. For types of claims, extra work claims and change claims found out to be the most critical. Case studies were conducted to figure out the pathogenic influence on claims causation; Practice, task and circumstance pathogens were found to be the main pathogens responsible for claim and dispute causation. Recommendations were developed specifically for Employers, Consultants and Contractors with the theme of preventing and avoiding claim causation.

Key Words: Claims, Pathogens, Building Construction, Causes of Claims, Types of Claims, Pathogens and Types of Claims.

Strategic Management Implementation of Vietnamese Construction Organizations

Nowadays, more and more foreign companies invest into developing countries which have a lot of potentialities and Vietnam is one of them. Besides that, Vietnam’s participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) in November 2006 also brings numerous opportunities for domestic and foreign investors.

Therefore, Vietnam construction industry in generally speaking or Vietnam’s property market is facing with many opportunities and is considered long term potential market for both domestic and foreign investors. If Vietnam has strategic planning, goal development, good vision, and mission or knows what the steps should be executed for the future market, chance of success is a seeable thing. On the other hand, strategic planning and implementation management is an important key which will lead to success.

But in Vietnam, strategic management receives less attention. Some companies or organizations think that the future can be depended by many factors which related to God. Besides that, Vietnam’s investment climate is change slowly which affected to investment abilities of investors. According to Haley (2000), that is the barriers prompted many investors to leave.

Mr. Nguyen Tuan Tu made a case study which major objective was to find ways to improve the Vietnamese construction companies in related to planning and implementing in strategic management (focus on implemented in strategic management). To support his major objective, three sub-objectives were needed to accomplished:

• To study about strategic planning development and implementation of companies from the top to operational structure in public and private contractors.
• To analyze the critical problems in strategic management implementation in public and private contractors.
• To conclusion and propose recommendations to improve the implementation in strategic management applicable for Vietnamese construction organizations.

Conclusion

To study about strategic planning development and implementation of companies from the top to operational structure in public and private contractors

Strategic planning development and implementation of public and private contractors were defined following vision statement application, organizational structure, leadership style, organizational culture and project management style. The results indicated that there were many significant differences between two groups in strategic management implementation and T-test was used to analyze the mean of those significant differences.

Specifically, public contractors have mechanistic system, task oriented leadership style with focusing on rules and procedures while private contractors have organic system, relations-oriented leadership style focusing on relationship between leader and members, communication among each members. Besides that, public contractors pay attention on hierarchy culture because of stability and performance with efficient operation but private contractors are different. Competitiveness and productivity were paid attention so marketing culture is suitable to private contractors.

To analyze the critical problems in strategic management implementation in public and private contractors

From the results of objective 1 and respondents’ experience in data collection, five critical problems which affect to strategic management implementation in public and private contractors were discussed. There were four critical problems having significant difference between two groups such as: strategic manager is not enough managerial skill to monitor implementation strategies, organization has rigid structure following rules and procedures so a result control mechanism may be ineffective, networking structure in organization is limited in each department and financial risk affects to strategy implementation. The mean of public contractors is always greater than private contractors; it means public contractors agreed with those problems appearing in their organization. To solve those problems, suggestions or recommendations can be delivered as follows; top management and supervisor team should involve to implementation in the organization. Besides that, top management or supervisor team also pay attention on networking which create good relationship between each member and to reduce the financial risk, top management must be careful in analyzing and allocating of budget.

Generally speaking, the main reason which created problems in each contractor is separately characteristics of organizational structure and leadership style. Or we can say that, organizational structure and leadership style will affect to culture in the organization. However, culture also plays an important role in establishing and solving problems in the organization. So to overcome those problems, management should participate not only in planning but also in implementation.

To propose recommendations to improve the implementation in strategic management applicable for Vietnamese construction organizations

The proposed framework of strategic management implementation has been suggested in figure below. First, strategic management implementation should be started with Leadership and commitment by top management combined with organizational structure. Work environment in the organization will be defined by three groups (work tasks, goals, procedures; work group behaviors and manager behaviors). Second, the process can be continuously done by effect of Leadership, commitment and organizational structure to organizational culture. From that point, organizational culture will affect to internal environment. In other hand, people attitude and behavior are main factors which affect to outcomes of organization. Finally, audit and evaluation are the keys to check whether strategic management has been implemented effectively in order to improve the organization and fulfilled existing gaps.



His thesis abstract is copied and posted.

Abstract

To gain and maintain a contractor’s competitive advantage is not easy as it depended on a large number of factors. In other words, identification of problems in strategic management implementation allows one to reduce the vast numbers of obstacles to bring back success for the organization. Based on literature review and expert’s experience, this study describes how Vietnamese public and private contractors implemented strategic management in their organization.

The study was surveyed in two big cities in southern of Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh and Can Tho city. Strategic management implementation can be delivered into framework, namely, leadership style, organizational structure, organizational culture and project management style. The result in this study indicated that there was significant difference between two groups contractor about strategic management implementation. From that point, it provides a vehicle for guiding a contractor in managing its organization in order to improve competitive advantage which helps them to survival in new market. Additionally, this study also provides insights into the management of competitiveness for contractors in operation of Vietnamese construction organization.

Keywords: Construction, Leadership style, Organizational structure, Organizational culture, Project management style, Strategic management, Implementation

Quality Management System for Different Construction Project Strategies

Construction industry is a big business which needs a lot of capital investment. Each project has sophisticated mechanism which composed of any elements to manage. Therefore, head offices should have effective strategy to boost the organization to grow up. Moreover, quality of the company should follow strategy to enhance the managerial power of the organization.

Quality management is not only helping the organizations to grow to the market’s higher level but also increase creditability of the company to encourage a lot of customers. Without quality management, the organizations will have difficulty to improve, because if the organization manages to build the project without any quality standards, then they can get many claims or reworks. Therefore, quality improvement is one of the success factor that lead to the project successful.

Juran has identified the hidden costs of poor quality as represented in Figure below. Many organizations are only concerned to a few cost of poor quality such as reprocessing and rejects, but in reality there are many costs of poor quality such as delays, and damaged goods.
Therefore, quality management is important to implement in the organization to ensure the quality of products or services. Moreover, it also can be reduce cost and time that can lead the organization to be loss by increasing their quality level.

Hidden costs of poor quality Juran (1993, P.23)

Mr. Kittawat Sukosi made a research to study the project strategy and quality management. In order to accomplish this major objective, three majors were needed to achieved:

1. To study quality activities in the differences of project strategy of construction sites in Thailand.

2. To study how construction sites measure quality performance in the differences of project strategy.

Conclusion

Quality management is important for conducting premium performance of construction services.

Nowadays, quality management has been used for many construction companies in Thailand. In order to study about the relationship between project organization and quality management, two objectives was established. The first objective is “To study quality activities in the differences of project strategy of construction sites in Thailand”. This objective was established for study the mechanism of quality management activity in differences of strategy. The second objective is
“To study how construction sites measure quality performance in the differences of project strategy”. The purpose of this objective is to study about measurement of quality performance in differences of strategy.

Quality Activity

The project which established differentiation strategy is required to conduct ISO 9000 series, especially ISO 9001:2008 (newest version), while cost-leadership strategy is not require ISO standard. Quality manual report is just only established for differentiation project. Cost leadership strategy is focused on zero defects, while differentiation strategy has varied aspects such as safety and environment. QMR and quality manager is in-charge only differentiation project.

There are some activities which implemented for all cases such as quality inspection and testing, internal quality audit, equipment calibration, and corrective and preventive action. Environmental inspection and testing is implemented for some differentiation strategy. All cases are conducting safety management, but only differentiation project were implemented based on OHSHA 18000. Quality improvement program are performed for both strategies. However, the improvement relies on the quality activity that implemented and keeps record for analysis.

Quality Performance

In order to measure quality management, quality performance is an indicator of quality measurement. Cost-leadership strategy measures cost reduction and amount of rework in order to reach zero defect objectives. Customer satisfaction is implanted for both strategies, however, the factors of customer satisfaction checklist is differences. Internal audit is implemented in every case. The audit report can be used as a quality performance; again, the issue of internal audit of each project is different. Non-conformance report is performed only in differentiation project in order to improve work procedure by using this report. All cases have performed safety report, however, only differentiation project will raised safety to be a major issue in quality management. Moreover, environmental report is implemented in the differentiation project (only
on case study).

Recommendation for Further Study

This study is completed to discover the familiarities and differences of quality activity and quality performance. As a result, there is one case which they implement all of quality management system (QMS), safety management system, and environmental management system.

Interestingly, this approach can be implemented as an integrated management system. Therefore, the further study can be about the advantage and disadvantage of integrated management system.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted.
Abstract
The research aims to study relationship between project strategy and quality management. The scope of study was limited in Thailand. Qualitative method was used as a research methodology in order to accomplish the research objectives. Five cases in Thailand were selected in this study.
All of data in this study was given by the interviewees. Cross case analysis was implemented in order to find out the familiars and differences of quality activity and quality performance in each case study.

The result of the study was divided into two parts. The first part is quality activity in differences strategy. Cost-leadership strategy is performed quality management, but ISO 9001 was not established as a quality management system. However, quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) are implemented such as quality inspection procedure, internal quality audit, quality inspection and testing, and quality documentation system. Construction project which used differentiation strategy is established ISO 9001, especially 2008 version. Safety management is performed in order to reduce accident which can lead to enhance quality performance. The quality activities are based on ISO 9001:2008 such as combine audit, safety inspection, quality inspection and testing, environmental inspection and testing, control of non-conformance work, and quality documentation system.

Quality performance is the second result. Cost-leadership strategy is using cost of rework and number of defected nonconformities work in order to measure quality performance. Audit result is also the tool to evaluate quality performance throughout the entire project. Audit report, nonconformance work report, safety report, and environmental report are as the indicator of measurement of quality performance which the project which used differentiation strategy is using. Moreover, customer satisfaction is one of the quality performance indicators which both of strategies is evaluating. However, the measurement approach of customer satisfaction of each strategy is different.

The On-Site Behavior of a Construction Project Team during the Implementation of the Planning and Quality System

Changing the procedures and process of the traditional system to the new system involves so many problems.

First, staff members of the contractor have many questions with the new system, but they would not want to find the answers.

Second, the payment of the subcontractor is often delayed and uncorrected in accordance with B.O.Q even though the system has applied the earned value concept.

Third, the traditional on-site work processes have not matched with new system because lack of documentation support on-site.

Fourth, many staff members do not understand how to perform their work in better ways; furthermore, some of them are reluctant to change and think that this is a burden.

Fifth, top management needs to review the accurate information but the project site always covers the truth.

Sixth, sharing the values and norms from existing employees to new employees are lacking and so on.

These problems arise from the lack of knowledge about the benefits of the program and what is the process flow from top to bottom. In addition, due to reluctance of some staff to change and play with the new approach, leaders of the team need to play the crucial role to unite all employees in the purpose of motivation and creating the commitment. As a result, the acknowledgment of which process systems are changed in functions of the project site, and who are in the important position to make the change occurring during the new system implementation in accordance with change management concept are unavoidable.

Mr. Janeyut Naiyarat made a case study which primary purpose was to investigate and find out how construction project teams to behave during the implementation of the new system. To achieve the main objective, the following sub-objectives were needed:

 To investigate the on-site behavior of project teams while the implementation of planning and quality system

 To propose the on-site behavior of project teams affecting the success of the implementation of planning and quality system

Conclusion

The on-site behavior of the construction project teams

Organizational Support - Based on the result of data analysis, the organization provided full support from top managers. There is the specific policy for Planning and Quality system. For staff, the new operational procedures are established along with Planning and Quality form in each project. To transfer know-how to all, the new operational form is demonstrated by executives on-site. Moreover, to ensure the continuous use of Planning and Quality system, construction projects are visited periodically by executives and audit team. Finally, the incentive and rewards are given to appropriate staff accordingly.

Top level (Project Manager, Project Engineer, Site Manager) – Results showed that most of the staff in these levels comply with the policy. The enforcement of the new policy is adopted by top level as well as the specific procedure is established regarding with natures of the project.

Middle level (Senior Site Engineer, Senior Office Engineer) – Result showed that all staff are enforced to comply with the policy by the top level. However, while most of them seem to be forced to participate and use Planning and Quality form, senior site engineer as a key leader in the fourth case study perceiving the opportunity to grow will to lead his project to success in the new system implementation. For others, they all emphasize on the progress of work according to their leaders.

Operational level (Site Engineer, Office Engineer) - Most of site engineers are new graduates and lack of experience, so it depends on the leaders to provide any activities to facilitate site engineers. The behavior of site engineer can reflect the understanding of leaders and the group climate of each case study. In case study I and IV, most of them realize about the benefits by using Planning and Quality form and will to collaborate with all activities and use the form continuously in order to improve individual and project performance. On the other hand, staffs in other case studies reluctant to use the operational form because of lack of understanding about the benefits and lack of facilitating from their leaders. However, to submit the form with the consideration for passing the probation, they make the illusion by trying to fill in the form. Therefore, there are both case study I and IV can success in the implementation of planning and quality system.

The behavior affecting the success of the implementation of the new system

Organizational Support - Based on the result of data analysis, the organization provided full support from top managers. There is the specific policy for Planning and Quality system. For staff, the new operational procedures are established along with Planning and Quality form in each project. To transfer know-how to all, the new operational form is demonstrated by executives on-site. Moreover, to ensure the continuous use of Planning and Quality system, construction projects are visited periodically by executives and audit team. Finally, the incentive and rewards are given to appropriate staff accordingly having good performance.

Top level (Project Manager, Project Engineer, Site Manager) - Staff in this level so as the leader of the team have to comply with the policy. The top level is necessary to participate in entire processes in order to show the serious emphasis on the new system and get staff involvement. Other responsibility of top level is to modify the form regarding with the nature of the project for operational level. Also, the tasks should be assigned effectively to subordinates by top level in order to enforce indirectly to use the form and to get understanding. Moreover, to ensure that staff is using the form constantly, monitoring closely at the early stage and periodically at the next stage has to be performed. Importantly, to develop the team during the implementation of the new system, the arrangements of formal and informal activities are strictly concerned.

Middle level (Senior Site Engineer, Senior Office Engineer) – Executives and top level has to comply with the policy. They have to participate and have to use Planning and Quality Form, while the senior site engineer should cooperate between top level and operational level and to lead the project to success in the new system implementation. In addition, the modified documentation designed by agreeing with all staffs in the team should be developed by senior site engineer. Moreover, to get staff using the form continuously, closely monitoring should be adopted in the middle level.

Operational level (Site Engineer, Office Engineer) - Site engineer should listen and comply with the policy. Participating in all activities to be a part of a team and getting understanding the new system. To understand the benefits and to use the form effectively, site engineers should try out using it and learn from mistakes. In addition, asking questions while having problems and proposing idea while finding the better ways are necessary for site engineers. Importantly, to improve the performance of the project, using the form stably and reporting the progress realistically are essential to detect the problems on-site. The weakness of the form can identify in order to amend to be practical and conformant with the uniqueness of each project.

His report summary is shown below.


His thesis abstract is copied and posted.

Abstract

In construction company especially building sector, there are huge amount of investment by developer while economics expansion; as well, intelligently spending the budget with refined contractor must be concerned. It is the most important for building contractors to improve or change their operational system in order to compete with others. The sample contractor in Thailand is implementing the new system so-called planning and quality system. The purpose of this system is to facilitate staffs on-site via the tools such as the two-week schedule, the cost control plan and the quality checklist. It affected directly to site engineer who normally work with less emphasizing on documentation. To comply with the new policy, staffs in this contractor have to change their working style. Therefore, a change management process is necessary to adopt because the change always has problems, for example, reluctant to change due to lack of understanding and knowledge, lack of sharing information and fear of losing control and overload of current tasks and responsibilities. Moreover, the practical behavior of construction project team during the new system implementation is not well known and the existing literature is very rare in Thailand.

In order to know how to behave of construction project teams during implementing the new system, the objective of this research are established to 1) To investigate the practical behavior of project teams while the implementation of planning and quality system, 2) To propose the behavior of project teams affecting the success of the implementation of planning and quality system.

The data was collected via interview in four condominium projects implementing the new system located in Bangkok and Nonthaburi. The interviewees have classified into three groups of each project. The first group is the top management level that comprises of project manager, project engineer and site manager. The second group is the middle management level that comprises of senior site engineer and senior office engineer. The last group is the operational level having a responsibility to use planning and quality control form that comprises of site engineer and office engineer. The following section is to present the finding of this study.

Development of Worker Safety Attitude Construct and Model in Oil & Gas Construction Projects

In construction industry, there are lots of factors that affect accident rate. Attitude of the worker is the one of factors which has influence to it. Thus, worker attitude is important to prevent accident from occurring.

The companies have implemented a lot of safety programs in construction site to reduce the accident rate in the construction industry. Also, they want to increase productivity of their work. However, the safety programs might have influences to worker positively and negatively. The companies must be alarmed and take extra care in these both effects of safety programs.

Although there are many researchers conducted study related to safety programs, still the problem now is that, companies do not know how to develop workers’ attitude. Therefore, companies cannot implement safety programs to make safety attitude and behavior for workers in construction site.

Mr. Thanaporn Buaklom made a research which aimed to determine the worker’s attitude constructs and model in Oil and Gas industry. To accomplish this primary objective, three specific objectives were also needed as follows:

• To develop safety attitude constructs and model.

• To study the implementation level of safety program in Oil and Gas industry.

• To determine the correlation between safety program and worker attitude.

Conclusion

The effect of difference worker attitude base on Age and Experiences to worker attitude

As the result of this study, age and experience were analyzed to determine their different effects to safety worker attitude. Normally, the age and experience have effect to the worker attitude. However, in the Oil and Gas projects, they play more attention in safety occupation. Thus, the safety attitude was established at the beginning stage of work, and it was found out that the age and experience have no influence to the worker attitude. In conclusion, the age and experiences of worker have no effect to worker attitude in Oil and Gas projects.

Development of worker attitude constructs and model

There are six factors for worker attitude constructs found. The worker attitude was established from the environmental impact such as worker experience, company support, and personal perception and so on. Therefore, to develop the worker attitude, the important factors have to consider. In addition, this study found the factors that construct the worker attitude. If the companies try to improve worker attitude, they have to improve these factors such as Personal motivation for safe behavior; Personal effectiveness; Positive safety practice; External motivation; Cognitive; and Belief

These factors present the element to improve worker attitude in construction work. The personal motivation for safe behavior is the most effective to worker attitude, because this factor is influenced by the company’s motivation to do their work safely. In addition, the worker can improve their behavior following these factors. Moreover, each factor can represent some element as shown in the table below.


The implementation level of safety programs in Oil and Gas industry

This objective measured the implementation level of safety program. To achieve this objective, this study distributed questionnaire to safety managers, and conducted an interview to know how they implement the safety programs in their company. Moreover, the data was ranked by the implementation of safety programs. The result is shown in the table below.

The meanings of range are:
Ranges Level of implementation
1.00-1.50 Poor level
1.51-2.50 Fair level
2.51-3.50 Good level
3.51-4.00 Excellent level

The meaning of ranges explained about implementation level as elaborated in the previous chapter.


As the result of this study, there are two safety programs which were most implemented 1) In house safety rule 2) Personnel Protection Equipment. These two safety programs are provided for carefully preventing the accident with worker. These are proactive safety programs, which implement before the accident occurred. The reasons for implementing these programs are to easily supervise the worker. Therefore, the safety managers prefer to implement these two programs. Thus, these programs are highest implementation level in oil and Gas industry.

On the other hand, the behavior base safety program has the lowest level of implementation because this program builds for change the risk behavior of worker. For example, the worker is risk taker, who want to work with risk behavior, behavior base safety program are provided to change the behavior of worker; to work safely which is difficult to change. Therefore, this safety program has a lowest level implementation.

As the result of this study, the implementation level of safety programs show the capability of company to implement the safety programs in their company. Each company has different approach to implement safety programs. Some company want to emphasize on management programs, thus, the company will provide more special safety programs. Especially in Oil and Gas industry, they have more safety programs to implement in their work places. Therefore the implementation level of safety program tends to have high implementation level.

The Regression model between safety programs and worker attitude

This research used multiple regression method to find the correlation between safety programs and worker attitude. The data was collected from safety managers and workers in Oil and Gas industry.

The result showed that, there are no significant relationship between safety programs and worker attitude. The model summary of multiple regressions show R square equals .083 which means safety programs has correlation to worker attitude only by 8.3% Consequently, the correlation among safety programs and safety attitude is very low.

The main reason that makes this situation occurred is the assessment of safety program which cannot use to predict the relationship between safety programs and worker attitude in Oil and Gas project. Moreover, there are many factors which affects to worker attitude as cognitive and personal perception. Thus, the safety program cannot signify which safety programs have direct influence to worker attitude.

On the contrary, the safety programs have impact to worker attitude in term of indirect way to worker. This effect encouraged the worker to work safely in the site. This effect is shown by the average that worker attitude is high. This means that the worker attitude have effect from safety programs.

The correlation between organization and worker attitude

These analyses determined the correlation between organization and worker attitude in the company. The relationship between organization factor and worker attitude is the effect of organization to safety attitude. Normally, the organization factors have influences to company employee. In this study, the researcher focused on the influence of organization to worker attitude.

To achieve the objective, which organization factors were implemented in the company, safety managers were interviewed, and the worker attitude comes from the factors analysis.

The result showed that there is a little correlation occurred between personal effectiveness of worker and organization structure, leadership, management style, communication, job responsibility, training and trust. The result explained that the relationship among organization factors and worker attitude is in term of personal effectiveness.

Conclusion, the personal effectiveness is sensitive with the organization factors. There is a small correlation between personal effectiveness and organization factors; while it is evident the other organization factors have no relationship with factor of worker safety attitude.

His thesis abstract is copied and posted below.

Abstract

The construction industry started to boom recently. The construction works have greatly impact in developing the economy particularly in Thailand. Many infrastructures have been built and many investors have been encouraged to bring their business in the country. Many new technologies have been used to upgrade the construction process, but despite of this new knowledge, problems keep on arising at different level in any construction site. Therefore, this research was conducted to study about safety in construction work which is specifically related to safety attitude of worker.

Moreover, the safety programs in construction works were also studied. There were three objectives in this study such as follow:
(1) to develop worker attitude construct and model;
(2) to study the implementation level of safety programs in Oil and Gas industry; and
(3) to determine the correlation between safety programs and worker attitude.

In order to carry out the research objectives, the author collected data from workers and safety managers by using questionnaire. These data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. In addition, the safety managers were interviewed to understand more the safety occupation they applied in their companies.

As the result of this study, the worker safety attitude construct was found having six factors. These are personal motivation for behavior, personal effectiveness, positive safety practice, external motivation, cognitive and belief. These factors represent the worker attitude, which the company can apply to develop more the worker attitude.

For the implementation level of safety programs, the result of this study shown that the safety programs were more implemented in the work place. It was also found out that among the safety programs which implemented; in-house safety rules and personal protection Equipment have the highest levels.. In the contrary, behavior base safety has the lowest level of safety programs implementation.

The correlation study between safety programs and worker attitude revealed that these two have no correlation at all. These can explain that the safety program have indirect impact to worker attitude. Moreover, there are many factors which affect the worker attitude. Thus the safety programs are not the only possible reasons having direct impact to worker attitude. iv
In conclusion, this study suggests to policy implementers, construction firms and to the reader to develop factors for worker attitude too. The implementation levels of safety program are shown. Therefore, this research can be of great help to the construction industry to develop safety occupation in the future.